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The
Crusades |
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Anna
Komnene (or Comnena) (December 1, 1083 – 1153) --
a Byzantine princess and scholar, daughter of the Byzantine emperor Alexios
I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina |
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The
Alexiad (around 1148) |
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Book
I, Section XIII: the Pope as Barbarian |
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Book
III, Sections VI-VIII: Anna Dalassena, a notable grandmother |
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Book
V, Sections VIII-IX, Book
X, Section I, and Book
XV, Sections VIII-X: the treatment of heresy |
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Book
X, Section V - Book XI, Section III: the European invasion (also
known as "The First Crusade") -- the
barbarians' approach / see
also Book
XIV, Section IV on the Europeans as a pain
in the feet |
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Book
XII, Section III: Irene, a notable mother |
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Book
XIII, Section XII: the Oath of Bohemund |
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Book
XV, Section VII: the "Orphanage" and general education |
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 Music
from the Feudal European Cultural Matrix |
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"Agnus
Dei" [01 min. 47 sec.], from the Mass for Christmas Day |
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The mass in plainchant. |
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| Music
from the Urban European Cultural Matrix |
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Hildegard of Bingen (September 16,
1098
- September 17, 1179) |
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"Ordo virtutum:
In principio omnes" (around 1151) [03 min. 53 sec.] |
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Hildegard is a transitional figure between Feudal European music and
Urban European music. "Ordo virtutum: In principio omnes" is the final
chorus from a nonliturgical sacred music drama (that is, a "sequence"),
which has the monophonic texture of plainchant while signaling the values
of divided loyalty. |
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Berenguier de [of] Palou/Palazol
(around
1100 - 1164) |
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"Tant
m'abelis" (around 1150) [04 min. 49 sec.] {Ensemble
Unicorn / Oni Wytars -- Michael Posch / Marco Ambrosini} |
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Berenguier was a "troubadour," representing the secular musical tradition
of southern France in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. (Slightly later
the "trouvères" flourished in the north.) "Tant
m'abelis" consists of five seven-line stanzas in the pattern ABBACDD, each
line containing ten syllables. |
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Léonin (around 1163-1190) |
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"Organum Duplum"
from Alleluia Pascha nostrum [01 min. 56 sec.] |
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Organum is polyphony used in liturgical music from the late 9th century
to around 1250. Léonin is the first known significant composer of
organum duplum, which has two voices. |
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Can you determine the style of this selection?
organal style -- sustained tenor with a moving
duplum voice above
discant style -- all parts are in "rhythmic
modes," a specific method to indicate particular rhythmic "groups"
or
plainchant "parallel" organum, in which two
voices move at the same interval. |
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Guillaume de Machaut (around 1300
- ?April 13, 1377) |
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"Agnus
Dei" from the Messe de No(s)tre Dame (around 1360)
[02 min. 58 sec.] |
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Compare the "Agnus Dei" from
the Mass for Christmas Day), and the "Agnus
Dei" from Palestrina's Pope Marcellus Mass. |
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| Music
from the Dynastic European Cultural Matrix |
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Gilles
Binchois
(around 1400-1460) |
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"De plus en plus"
[03 min. 45 sec.] |
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This rondeau is a polyphonic
chanson that illustrates the move to secular texts. |
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Johannes Ockeghem's mass, Missa De plus en plus, is based
on the Binchois song! |
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Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina (around
1525-1526
- February 2, 1594) |
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"Agnus Dei"
from the Pope Marcellus Mass (1555) [04 min. 54 sec.] |
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In the Pope Marcellus Mass, which is tied to the Council
of Trent, chordal style returns, six voices are used in polyphony (showing
the continued growth of texture). |
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Compare the "Agnus Dei" from
the Mass for Christmas Day, and the "Agnus
Dei" from Machaut's Messe de No(s)tre Dame. |
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Thomas Weelkes (October 25, 1576
- November 30, 1623) |
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"O Care,
Thou Wilt Despatch Me" (around 1600) [03 min. 46 sec.] |
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Madrigal with a unique use of "fa-la-la" refrain in a melancholy text,
representing the extent of open polyphony that would call for the purifying
effects of monody (as the other parts become chorded). |
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Claudio Monteverdi (May 15, 1567
- November 29, 1643) |
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Prolog: "Dal
mio Permesso" from L'Orfeo
(1607) [05 min. 14 sec.] |
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L'Orfeo is known as the earliest opera. In this arioso
the solo singer is accompanied by parts which take the place of voices
in earlier polyphony. Opera arias represent new textures -- monody and
homophony -- and symbolize the move of interest from sacred to secular
lyrics and stories. |
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William Lawes
(baptised May 1, 1602 - September 24, 1645) |
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"Pavane,"
from Royall Consort Suite No. 2 in D Minor (around 1630) [06 min.
10 sec.] |
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"Pavane,"
from Royall Consort Suite No. 9 in F Major (around 1630) [07 min.
22 sec.] |
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Comparison: Music
from the African Cultural Matrix |
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"Acholi
Bwala Dance" (Uganda,
1969)
[03 min. 00 sec.] |
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"Djerma
Dundun Drummers" (Niger,
1976)
[11 min. 12 sec.] |
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"Lodagaa
Wiiks and Gulu" (Ghana,
1969)
[03 min. 47 sec.] |
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| For
Comparison: Music
from the Japanese Cultural Matrix |
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"Deha"
(Noh music, based on 15th-century tradition) [02 min. 35 sec.] |
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"Jonomai"
(Noh music, based on 15th-century tradition) [07 min. 47 sec.] |
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| Pictures
of Urban European Paintings |
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Cimabue
[Cenni di Pepi] (around 1240 - sometime after mid-1302) |
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"Crucifix"
(1268-1271) |
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"Maestá"
[The
Madonna in Majesty] (1285-1286) |
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"St.
John the Evangelist" (1301-1302) |
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Giotto di Bondone (around 1266
- 1337) |
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"Lamentation"
(around 1305-1306) |
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"Madonna
Enthroned" (around 1310) |
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"Death and Ascension of St. Francis," detail
-- fresco, Bardi Chapel, S. Croce, Florence (around 1335) |
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Duccio di Buoninsegna (between
1255 and 1260 - around the end of 1318) |
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"Maestá"
(around 1308) |
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Francesco
Traini (active 1321-1363) |
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"Triumph
of St Thomas Aquinas" (1323) |
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| Pictures
of Dynastic European Paintings |
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Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi) (around 1401
- 1427/1428) |
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"Trinity"
(1426-1427) |
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Sandro Botticelli (March 1, 1445
-
May 17, 1510) |
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"Birth
of Venus" (around 1482) |
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Hieronymus Bosch (around 1450
- 1516 [buried August 9]) |
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"Death
and the Miser" (around 1485-1490) |
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Leonardo da Vinci (April 15, 1452
- May 2, 1519) |
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"Mona
Lisa" (around 1503-1505) |
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Matthias Grünewald (Matthias
Gothardt Neithardt) (around 1475 - August 1528) |
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"Crucifixion"
(around 1510-1515) |
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Michelangelo Buonarroti (March 6,
1475-
February 18, 1564) |
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"The
Creation of Adam" (1508-1512) |
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Raphael [Raffaello
Sanzio] (April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520) |
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"Madonna
Alba" [The Alba Madonna] (around 1510) |
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"Scuola
di Atene" [School of Athens] (1510-1511) |
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detail:
Aristotle |
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"Portrait
of Baldassare Castiglione" (1514-1515) |
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"The
Transfiguration" (1516-1520) |
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Titian (Tiziano Vecelli) (around 1488-90
- August 27, 1576) |
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"Venus
of Urbino" (1538-1539) |
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Tintoretto
[real name: Jacopo Robusti] (September 29, 1518 - May 31, 1594) |
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"The
Worship of the Golden Calf" (around 1560) |
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"The
Baptism of Christ" (around 1570) |
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Pieter Brueghel the Elder (around
1520-1525
- between September 5 and 9, 1569) |
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"Triumph
of Death" (around 1562-1564) |
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El Greco [Doménicos
Theotokópoulos] (1541 - April 7, 1614) |
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"The
Burial of Count Orgaz" (1586) |
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| Writings
from the Dynastic European Cultural Matrix |
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The Plague and
Its Consequences |
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Marchione di Coppo Stefani (1336-?) |
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The
Florentine Chronicle (late 1370s and early 1380s) |
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Giovanni Boccaccio (June
16, 1313 - December 21, 1375) |
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Decameron (1349-1351),
First
Day, 4th novella |
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King Edward III (ruled
1327–1377) |
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"Ordinance
of Laborers" (1349) |
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"Statute
of Laborers" (1351) |
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The Humanists |
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Petrarch
(Francesco Petrarca) (1304-1374) |
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Letter: "Ascent
of Mt. Ventoux" (April 26, 1336) |
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François Villon [also known
as François de Montcorbier or François des Loges] (around
1431
- after January 5, 1463) |
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"Les
Regrets De La Belle Heaulmière" [The
Regrets of the Beautiful Armouress], from Le Grand testament
[The Grand Testament] (1461-1462) |
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Leonardo
da Vinci (1452-1519) |
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"The
Painter" () |
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Giovanni
Pico
della Mirandola (1463-1494) |
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"Oration
on the Dignity of Man" (1486) |
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Desiderius
Erasmus
(1466-1536) |
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In Praise of Folly (1509),
selection |
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In Praise of Folly (1509),
complete |
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Niccolò
Machiavelli
(May 3, 1469 -- June 21, 1527) |
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The Prince (1513),
ch. 18: "Should
a Prince Remain True to His Word?" |
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Michelangelo
Buonarroti (1475-1564) |
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selected
poetry () |
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Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535) |
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Utopia
(1516) |
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Baldassare
Castiglione
(1478-1529) |
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Book of the Courtier (1528),
"Music
and the Courtier" |
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François Rabelais
(?1494-1553) |
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"Gargantua's
Advice to Pantagruel," from Gargantua and Pantagruel (1532-1552) |
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Giorgio Vasari
(1511-1574) |
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Lives
of the Artists (1550) |
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Michel Eyquem de Montaigne (February
28, 1533 - September 13, 1592) |
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"About
Cannibals" [Des Cannibales], chapter 31 of Essays, vol.
1 [Les essais, livre 1] (editions in 1580, 1588, 1595,
1598,
1602,
1617) |
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William Shakespeare
(1564-1616) |
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The
Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice (1604/1605) |
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The
Tempest (1611) |
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Christianity
and Religious Reform |
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Jeanne
d'Arc [Joan of Arc] (1412-1431) |
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"Letter
to the King of England" (1429) |
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"The
Trial of Condemnation" (1431) |
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Martin Luther (1483-1546) |
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"The
Ninety-Five Theses" (October 31, 1517) |
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"Address
to the Christian Nobility of the German People" (1520) |
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"The
Twelve Articles of the Peasants" (1521) |
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"Against
the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants" (May 1525) |
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John
Calvin
(1509-1564) |
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"On
Predestination" (final version in 1559) |
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Teresa of Avila (1515-1582) |
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Way
of Perfection, ch. 01 (around 1565) |
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The Scientist |
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Galileo
Galilei (February 15, 1564 - January 8, 1642) |
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Galileo Galilei, "Letter
to the Grand Duchess Christina of Tuscany" (1614) |
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Robert Bellarmine, "Letter
on Galileo's Theories" (1615) |
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Action by the "Congregation
of the Index" (March 5, 1616) |
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Galileo's
Crime (June 22, 1633): |
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"Indictment
and Sentence" |
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"Abjuration" |
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Pope Alexander VII, "Speculatores
Domus Israel" (1664) |
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Pope Leo XIII, "Aeterni
Patris" [On the Restoration of Christian Philosophy] (August 4,
1879) |
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Catholic Encyclopedia, "Galileo
Galilei" (1909) |
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Pope John Paul II |
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"Address
on Science and Faith" (1981) |
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"Fides
et Ratio" [Faith and Reason] (September 14, 1998) |
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The Politics |
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The
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) |
The
Byzantine Empire at the accession of Alexios I Komnenos (1081)
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